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Just a classmate youth: Mao Zedong and his classmates
Modern China, on the eve of the May 4th Movement, was in a dreary and confusing time. All this makes people confused, but it also forces the new generation of advanced elements to reconsider the great plans of the world and the way of personal life. This group includes Mao Zedong and his classmates.
From the spring of 1913 to the summer of 1918 (from the spring of 1913 to the spring of 1914 in the fourth normal school, and in 1914 the fourth normal school was merged into the first normal school), Mao Zedong studied in Hunan first normal school and worked as a normal student for five and a half years. At that time, under the leadership of the principal Kong Zhaishou, Hunan First Normal University "adopted the latest people-oriented principle to stipulate the education policy", taking "personality education, national education, and practical education as the only purpose of saving the country and strong species", emphasizing the comprehensive cultivation of personality and knowledge. Almost at the same time as Mao Zedong, a group of passionate young people pursuing progress were also admitted to the First Normal University, including Cai Hesen, He Shuheng, Luo Xuezan, Zhang Kundi, Zhou Shizhao, and Xiao San. They have gathered in the cultivation of new youth cradle of Hunan first normal, knowledge, determination, patriotism. Under their attraction, Xiang Jieyu, Tao siyong and Cai Chang, who are known as the "three heroes of Zhou nan" in Zhou nan girls' school, and Yang Kaihui from the middle school of Zhou nan girls' school also joined them one after another.
Diligent to learn and ask questions, friends with literature
There is a big mansion in the south of Menzheng Street in Liuyang, Changsha, called Li's Taro Garden, which is the property left by an official in the Qing Dynasty. At that time, most of the teachers of the First Normal University lived here. In the first half of 1914, Mao Zedong, Cai Hesen, Chen Chang and other students organized and set up an extracurricular philosophy research group, which often went to taro garden to learn. A group of highly respected teachers such as Yang Changji, Xu teli, Fang Weixia, Wang Jifan and Li Jinxi were the objects of their discussion. The issues discussed related to "reading methods", "studying the art of science at school" and "transforming social affairs. Not only do they ask their teachers about their studies, but they are also bound to discuss their encounters with their classmates. Mao Zedong often went to "Bancang Yang Yu" with five or six good friends such as Cai Hesen, Chen Chang, Zhang Kundi and Luo Xuezan on holidays to study and discuss various issues, or to talk about scholarship and the way of being a human being, or to talk about major events in the world and to explore the truth of saving the country and the people. He often talked for hours at a time. They agreed on "three no talks": no money, no problems between men and women, no family chores. Instead, we should be concerned about "major events", that is, "human nature, human society, China, the world, and the universe!"
In 1915, at the age of 22, Mao Zedong often felt sad that he had dropped out of school since he was a child: his youth had little knowledge. It is difficult to achieve success in the prime of life. It is not enough to take a few classes a day in the school. You must make more friends in order to have a broad range of studies. In July, he wrote a letter to tell Xiao Zisheng, "In recent years, there have been some advances, less in books, and more in questions. Books that are discussed and sought exclusively are not so bad." With the eagerness to ask for friends, Mao Zedong issued the "Notice for Friends" in mid-September under the signature "Twenty-Eight Painter": He wanted to make friends with young people who were interested in learning and current affairs, and had a strong sense of patriotism., Seek his friend's voice ". There were Li Li's third class, five or six people. After that, they also had close contacts. On weekends, they often strolled through various places of interest in the suburbs, talking about policies and methods of scholarship, politics at home and abroad, economy and even life in the universe.
Read both books with words and books without words.
Reading the "book without words" refers to contact with social reality, participate in social practice, and learn social knowledge. The school charter of the First Normal School stipulates that "in addition to the educational purpose set by the Ministry, the latest people-oriented doctrine", that is, "moral practice", "physical activity" and "social life", emphasizes the comprehensive cultivation of personality and knowledge. In 1914, Mao Zedong said in his class note "Lecture Hall Record": "Studying behind closed doors is useless. If you want to learn from everything in the country under the world, you will be sweating and traveling all over the world." In the summer of 1917, Mao Zedong used his spare time during the summer vacation to invite his classmates to carry out social practice in the form of "study tours. They have no money and have traveled to some villages and towns in five counties, including Changsha, Ningxiang, Anhua, Yiyang and Yuanjiang. They have solved the problem of accommodation and travel expenses by writing couplets, poems or providing other services to schools, shops, temples and residents. The journey lasted more than 900 miles and lasted more than a month. During the study tour, they had extensive contact with farmers, boatmen, rich men, county magistrates, old Hanlin, and the director of the Institute of persuasion. In the spring of 1918, Mao Zedong and Cai Hesen went to Xiangyin, Yueyang, Pingjiang, Liuyang and other counties along Dongting Lake for more than half a month. Through study tours, Mao Zedong and his classmates learned about rural society, contacted people from all walks of life in rural areas, exercised their ability of social activities, and laid a good foundation for them to develop a style of paying attention to investigation and research and paying attention to farmers' rural problems in the future.
The First Normal University attaches great importance to students' extracurricular activities. Under the guidance of the thought of "civilized spirit and barbaric physique", Mao Zedong and his classmates loved physical exercise very much, such as sunbathing, wind bathing, rain bathing, cold bathing, swimming, mountaineering, sleeping, long trekking, gymnastics and boxing. Mao Zedong has a special liking for swimming. He and Luo Xuezan and other classmates often go to Xiangjiang River to swing their arms and hit the water. "They are confident that they will be able to hit the water for 300 miles after 200 years of life". Around 1916, Mao Zedong's classmate He Guo also participated in the National Preparatory Meeting for the Far East Games held in Shanghai. At that time, Hunan selected 7 representatives, including 3 in one division. Physical exercise not only strengthen the body, but also stimulate the confidence and will of the students. In October 1917, the alumni association was re-elected. Mao Zedong served as the general affairs and education research department minister of the alumni association, and Zhou Shizhao served as the literature department minister. Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, the alumni association carried out many extracurricular activities such as performance exhibitions, lectures, debates, sports meetings and so on. In the second half of this year, the alumni association successfully held night classes for workers. The students personally drafted the enrollment advertisement, presided over the opening ceremony, concurrently served as teachers, and established deep feelings with the workers. During the War of Protecting France in November 1917, the Beiyang Army retreated from south to north. Changsha is the place where the rout must pass. Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, the Xueyou Association organized the student volunteer army to take on the task of nursing the school. On the 18th, a rout of more than 3000 people wandered near the monkey stone south of the first division because they did not know the reality of Changsha city. Mao Zedong led the student army to cooperate with the local police to fire guns and shout and set off firecrackers. Under such a sudden attack, the army, which was already at a loss, did not dare to resist and all surrendered. Changsha City was spared a military disaster.
Read to aspire, worry about the world
Mao Zedong and his classmates all had a "struggling and upward outlook on life". Most of them come from the countryside, understand the sufferings of the people, are full of a sense of social responsibility to take the world as their own responsibility, simple and full of vigor. They take "learning for people", "learning for the people" and "learning for the world" as their purpose of learning. On May 7, 1915, Japan proposed to Yuan Shikai the "Twenty-One Articles" to destroy China, and Yuan Shikai was prepared to accept this unequal treaty in order to restore the monarchy. When the news came out, the whole country was in an uproar. Mao Zedong and his classmates compiled some remarks against the traitorist treaty into a book and named it "Ming Shame". After reading it, Mao Zedong wrote an oath on the cover with indignation: "May 7, the Republic of China is a great shame; why revenge? In my student!" In the winter of 1915, in the climax of the struggle of the people all over the country against Yuan Shikai's restoration of the monarchy, Mao Zedong and the progressive teachers and students of the First Division often went to the Chuanshan Society to listen to anti-Yuan speeches, and compiled and printed articles about dissatisfaction with Yuan Shikai into a pamphlet entitled "The Painful Words of Mr. Tang Kangliang's Time" and organized students to take to the streets to distribute them.
In September 1915, Chen Duxiu founded the Youth Magazine in Shanghai (changed to New Youth a year later), pointing out that "ethical consciousness is our last consciousness", which marked the arrival of the early New Culture Movement. Mao Zedong and his classmates gathered around the "New Youth", and soon they began to follow the ideas of the initial New Culture Movement to explore issues such as "how to make the lives of individuals and all mankind upward. From 1915 to 1917, they discussed together no less than a hundred times. Through the discussion, the final conclusion was: "Gather comrades, create a new environment, and live together". On the basis of the discussion, they "suddenly felt the difference between a quiet life and a lonely life, a reversed and dynamic life and the pursuit of group life". In the winter of 1917, Mao Zedong, Cai Hesen and others began to plan to organize a group, which immediately received responses from the students. On April 14, 1918, this group was formally established as the Xinmin Society. 13 people including Mao Zedong, Cai Hesen, He Shuheng, Zhang Kundi, and Xiao San attended the inaugural meeting. The purpose of the society is to "innovate academics, sharpen character, and improve people's customs. From then on, Mao Zedong and a group of enthusiastic young people who were interested in the country gathered at the Xinmin Society and began to embark on the road of saving the country and the people.
"Just a young classmate, in the prime of life; Scholar spirit, swinging at Fang Qiu. Pointing out the country, stirring up words, muck Wan Huhou back then." This is the true portrayal of Mao Zedong and his classmates when they were students. When they were students, they began to form their own thinking methods and political opinions, gained initial experience in social activities, and made a group of like-minded friends. Mao Zedong later commented on his student days: "In Hunan Normal School, many events occurred in my life. During this period, my political concepts began to be determined, and I gained the experience of social action for the first time in the school."
The past is not like smoke. Although the student days of Mao Zedong and his classmates have long been history, their life orientation of seeking knowledge, determination and patriotism is still new for a long time. Although the true meaning of different times is still worthy of aftertaste, summary and reference, it is more worthy of serious experience among today's young people.
Author: Zhang Xudong Zhang Yucheng
Source: Learning Times
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