How the epidemic was managed during the Yan'an period.

During the Yan'an period, the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region was harassed by the epidemic, and the lives and health of the people were seriously threatened. On the basis of conscientiously summing up the experiences and lessons of epidemic prevention and control in the Central Soviet area, and in the light of the actual situation in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border region, the Chinese Communists put forward and formed a new road of epidemic control with prevention as the main feature, mass prevention and mass control, and publicity and education as the main features, showing the people's background and national characteristics of the epidemic control of the Communist Party of China, and had an important impact on the epidemic control of the epidemic control in New China.

"Strict organization and unified leadership" is the core

The epidemic prevention agency in the Border Region sprouted in 1940. After the Party Central Committee held an epidemic prevention work conference in Yan'an, the Yan'an Epidemic Prevention Committee was established on May 26. The association is the highest organ of the Yan'an epidemic prevention movement. Its 33-member organization has covered the Central Organization Department, the Border Region Government, the Yan'an City Government, the Left-behind Corps, the Border Youth Rescue, the Anti-Japanese University and other party, government and military agencies and related mass organizations. The importance of its status is evident. The Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Epidemic Prevention General Committee, established on April 28, 1942, has expanded its scope of functions from the original Yan'an City to the epidemic prevention work in the entire border region. The General Committee for Epidemic Prevention in the Border Region is subordinate to the Government of the Border Region and is in charge of epidemic prevention in the entire border region. To guide and assist the organs of the border region and the health organs at all levels in the implementation of epidemic prevention affairs, and in the implementation of epidemic prevention affairs, the right to unify the human and financial resources of the health organs at all levels, including personnel, drugs, equipment, etc. In the spring of 1944, typhoid fever and relapsing fever were prevalent in Yan'an area, and more than 240 people died near the urban area. The Border Region government and the Border Region Epidemic Prevention General Committee urgently decided: quickly set up mobile treatment teams to delimit areas for treatment; various agencies, schools, etc. carried out emergency epidemic prevention mobilization, and organized the isolation of epidemic areas; at the same time, additional beds, funding for the purchase of drugs, and development of special effects Prescriptions and awards for medical staff have effectively controlled the spread of the epidemic.

"Combination of prevention and control, prevention first" is the policy

The most positive way to prevent epidemics is to improve environmental hygiene. Mao Zedong pointed out: "the basic policy of reducing people's disease and death is prevention, that is, to carry out mass health campaign." Looking at the practice of epidemic control in the border areas, it is always a main line to carry out extensive mass health and epidemic prevention campaign, which runs through the epidemic control. In 1940, shortly after the establishment of the Yan'an Epidemic Prevention Committee, the "Epidemic Prevention Campaign Assault Week" was launched ". Various agencies, schools, troops, etc. have improved the kitchen and toilet epidemic prevention facilities, adding sewage pits and garbage pits; individuals implement a food sharing system, and store vendors actively vaccinate. During the epidemic prevention campaign, four model villages, 49 model villages and one model administrative village were also created. In addition, in the border area to carry out rural construction, health and epidemic prevention is also an important content. Since 1944, Yan'an City has launched the "Eleventh Movement", requiring "each district has a health cooperative, each township has a doctor, each village has a birth assistant, a well, and each household has a toilet". With the extensive development of the mass health and epidemic prevention campaign, the basic knowledge of health and epidemic prevention has been popularized, and the policy of "prevention first" has gradually taken root in the hearts of the people, thus effectively reducing the occurrence of epidemics in the border areas.

Adhere to the combination of Chinese and Western medicine, give full play to their respective advantages. In June 1940, the first traditional Chinese medicine group, the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border region National Medicine Research Association, was established in the Border region, and then successively formulated the "Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border region National Medicine Award and preferential treatment regulations" and so on. The National Medical Research Association of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region has listed the work of Chinese and Western medicine and epidemic prevention as an important work content: using native Chinese medicinal materials in the border area to trial-produce a variety of new drugs; breaking the feudal tradition of "family secret recipes are not taught to others" and offering secret recipes For peer study and research; often hold symposiums on Chinese and Western medicine to exchange and learn from each other; organize medical teams to go to the countryside to investigate epidemics and help people diagnose and treat chronic diseases. All these have promoted the exchange and reference between Chinese and Western medicine, played an irreplaceable role in the health and epidemic prevention of traditional Chinese medicine, and demonstrated the national characteristics of the health and epidemic prevention work of the Communist Party of China.

"Publicity and education, enhance awareness" is the forerunner

It is an important way to popularize health and epidemic prevention knowledge by means of newspapers and periodicals. As early as April 30, 1938, the "New China News" published a column on "Epidemic Prevention" and proposed eight specific epidemic prevention measures such as "keeping indoor and outdoor cleanliness frequently to prevent flies from spreading the virus. Since then, "New China Daily" and "Liberation Daily" have repeatedly published editorials, current reviews and other popular science articles on disease prevention knowledge, such as "carrying out the health campaign extensively", "attaching importance to epidemic prevention", "summer epidemic prevention work. According to incomplete statistics, since the "Liberation Daily" opened the "Health Column" on November 24, 1941, it has published more than 200 articles on medicine and health.

For ordinary people in the border areas, reading newspapers there are still some difficulties. The Health and Propaganda Department combines health and epidemic prevention publicity and education with rural temple fairs, Yangko, drama and other cultural performances. It is loved by the masses because it is popular and easy to understand. It is also worth mentioning the medical and health exhibition held in the border region. The health exhibition uses a combination of physical objects, words, pictures, comic books, etc., to display the hazards of feudal superstition, popularize the knowledge of health and epidemic prevention, and bring a strong visual impact and a strong spiritual appeal to the visitors. For example, the Yan'an City Health Exhibition held in July 1944 exhibited 659 physical objects, 260 pictures, and many photos and comic books. Some people were not satisfied with seeing them four or five times. The exhibition lasted 8 days and the number of visitors reached more than 10,000.

Set up a typical, drive the overall situation. Looking back at the publicity and education of health and epidemic prevention in the border areas, the approach is often top-down, layer-by-layer model. Through the establishment of models, sum up the advanced experience of health and epidemic prevention created by the masses, let the masses see the benefits brought by other people's attention to hygiene, and then promote it to the masses, and guide the masses to consciously imitate the health model families to cultivate good health habits, so as to ensure that the epidemic can be eliminated from the source.

"facing the masses, preventing and treating the masses" is the main body

In order to maximize the effectiveness of epidemic prevention work, we must attach importance to the dominant position of the people. At the beginning of 1937, when Mao Zedong participated in the "Yan'an Health Movement Week", he clearly stated: "The health movement is not a one-person business, and everyone must do it." To give full play to the main role of the masses and realize the mass prevention and control of the epidemic, the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border region has embarked on a mass line of epidemic control.

Spontaneous formulation of conventions on health and epidemic prevention. Health and epidemic prevention plans or health conventions have been generally developed throughout the border region, from the authorities to the countryside. For example, Chenghao Village elected a cultural and health committee composed of five people, including labor hero Zhang Zhencai, at the villagers' meeting, and formulated a detailed health and epidemic prevention plan, including not taking out garbage, not defecating and urinating in the upper reaches of the draft, carrying out a general cleaning every 10 days or half a month, and separating sick cattle and sheep immediately. In view of the plight of individual people who have no money to see a doctor and buy medicine, the village has solved it by setting up medical relief funds and mutual aid funds. Chenghao Village has thus become a well-known health model village.

Explore new models of health cooperation and mutual assistance. In 1944, the establishment of the Public Health Cooperative in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region focused on the actual needs of the limited medical force and the people's desire for convenient medical treatment in the epidemic control, and the exploration and innovation of relying on the masses and serving the masses in the health and epidemic prevention work. With the support of the border region government and the masses, after two years, this cooperative medical institution assisted by the people has begun to take shape and has become a useful supplement to the three major medical systems in the border region. Since the establishment of the health cooperative, a lot of work has been done in the health and epidemic prevention work: the members of the inward health cooperative are paid dividends according to shares, so that they have the right to special diagnosis and treatment. Popularize knowledge of health and epidemic prevention, vaccinia and vaccination for the masses, collect and study folk prescriptions, participate in the treatment of infectious diseases, and so on. It can be said that it has really achieved "money to pay, work to work, medicine to medicine, everyone hands-on, health cooperation".

"Perfect the system, perfect the law" is the guarantee

In order to promote the institutionalization and standardization of epidemic prevention work, so that everything has rules to follow, the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Government and the Border Region Epidemic Prevention General Committee have successively issued a series of orders, instructions and notices, and in practice, a set of measures to local conditions has been initially established., Simple and easy epidemic prevention and control mechanism. Including: pre-vaccination system, early warning system, epidemic reporting system and isolation system. For example, the "Regulations on the Prevention and Management of Infectious Diseases" passed on May 13, 1942 stipulates that plague, cholera, and smallpox are the first category of infectious diseases. After the diagnosis of such infectious diseases, the Border Region Epidemic Prevention Committee should be reported by telegraph and telephone within 24 hours; typhoid and paratyphoid, dysentery, relapsing fever, etc. are the second category of infectious diseases, and such infectious diseases should be reported weekly. The regulations further stipulate that in the event of a category I infectious disease, after the Committee has confirmed the diagnosis, the traffic in the affected area may be cut off within a time limit and the patient shall be isolated, and the patient shall be sent to the hospital immediately. If there is no hospital equipment, the Epidemic Prevention Association may set up isolation hospitals in coordination with the local authorities when necessary. For another example, on February 7, 1948, the border region government issued a letter of instruction to effectively organize epidemic prevention and treatment work in various regions, further clarifying the organization and leadership of epidemic prevention and treatment work, publicity and mobilization, isolation and treatment, and other regulations. At the same time, the border region has also established and improved a special epidemic prevention system for children, and epidemic prevention work has gradually embarked on a rule-based track.

Facts have proved that effective epidemic prevention mechanisms and policies and decrees have played a very good role in preventing the spread and spread of the epidemic. The meningitis epidemic in Yan'an City occurred in January 1946. It was precisely because of rapid treatment and timely isolation that the epidemic was quickly controlled. Except for one patient who died of serious illness, the rest were cured, and early detection and early isolation were truly achieved., Early treatment.

Source: Learning Times