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The Chinese Communist Party has proposed that "all reactionaries are paper tigers"
The victory of the War of Resistance against Japan washed away the shame of the Chinese nation, but the Chinese people, who had suffered from the war, failed to get the long-awaited peace. The ruling clique of the Kuomintang, which represents the interests of the big landlords and the big bourgeoisie, is determined to deprive the people of the rights they have acquired by means of civil war in order to maintain its autocratic and reactionary rule.
A decisive battle between China's move to light or darkness is inevitable. On the battlefield where artillery fire is flying, the People's Liberation Army led by the Communist Party of China and the Kuomintang army headed by Chiang Kai-shek fought wits and courage; in the rear area far away from the flames of war, there is also an invisible front, which is engaged in a contest related to China's destiny.
(I)
As early as September 15, 1944, Lin Boqu, the representative of the Communist Party of China, proposed to hold a party and state meeting at the National Participation Conference to establish a coalition government. Later, during the Kuomintang-Communist negotiations from the end of 1944 to the beginning of 1945, Zhou Enlai once again proposed to hold a party meeting to discuss the convening of a state meeting and the establishment of a coalition government. However, due to the opposition of the Kuomintang, the Political Consultative Conference could not be held until the end of the war. In the "Double Ten Agreement" negotiated and signed in Chongqing, it was determined that the Political Consultative Conference would be held on November 20, 1945 to "discuss the peaceful nation-building plan and the convening of the National Congress", but it was once again provoked by the Kuomintang. The military friction between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party was shelved. Until Marshall came to China for mediation and led to the signing of an armistice agreement between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, the Political Consultative Conference finally kicked off on January 10, 1946, in the ardent expectations of the people across the country.
A total of 38 representatives participated in the Political Consultative Conference, including 8 representatives of the Kuomintang, 7 representatives of the Communist Party of China, 9 representatives of the China Democratic League, 9 representatives without party affiliation, and 5 representatives of the Chinese Youth Party. Since there are many things in common on the basic issues of opposing the one-party dictatorship of the Kuomintang, opposing the civil war, and demanding peace and democracy, the Communist Party of China has adopted an open attitude and sought common ground while reserving differences, and won the sympathy and support of the representatives of the Democratic League and non-party parties. Before the meeting, Zhou Enlai, on behalf of the Communist Party of China, suggested to the representatives of all factions:(1) to recognize each other and not to be hostile to each other;(2) to discuss with each other and not to be arbitrary;(3) to give in to each other and not to dominate;(4) to compete with each other and not to offset each other. These suggestions have played a good role in promoting the convening of the CPPCC session.
The meeting focused on the reorganization of the government, the policy agenda, the draft constitution, the military, and the National Assembly. After the joint efforts of the Communist Party of China, the Democratic League, and representatives without party affiliation, the meeting passed a CPPCC agreement calling for the reorganization of the Kuomintang one-party government and the establishment of a government committee as the highest state organ, with half of the members held by people outside the Kuomintang. The reconstituted government has the task of convening a national convention to write a constitution. In addition, the agreement on military issues stipulates that the principle of "separation of the army and the party" and "separation of the army and the people" and the method of "political army" shall be implemented. It is decided that the three-member military group (composed of Zhou Enlai, the representative of the Communist Party of China, Zhang Zhizhong, the representative of the Kuomintang, and Marshall, the special envoy of the United States) will be adopted to reorganize the Chinese Communist Party's army.
Although the agreement adopted by the Political Consultative Conference is not yet the new democratic program advocated by the Communist Party of China, it is essentially a negation of the Kuomintang's one-party dictatorship, the political system of individual dictatorship, and the anti-people civil war policy., Basically in line with the desire of the people across the country to implement democratic politics and peaceful nation-building, and was welcomed by all the people. The conclusion and adoption of the Consultative Conference is the result of the close cooperation between the Communist Party of China and the democratic parties and democratic personages, and the joint efforts of those who adhere to democratic progress in the Kuomintang, and is a political victory won by the Communist Party of China.
(II)
The Kuomintang die-hards find it difficult to accept any real democratic reform. In order to safeguard the one-party dictatorship of the Kuomintang and the dictatorship of Chiang Kai-shek, the die-hards ignored the common aspirations of the people of the whole country, risked universal condemnation, tried their best to undermine the results of the CPPCC meetings, and even killed dissidents with violence many times, creating a series of bloody cases.
Compare events. On February 10, 1946, KMT spies planned and premeditated to sabotage the meeting held by people from all walks of life in Chongqing to celebrate the success of the CPPCC meeting, injuring more than 60 people, including members of the presidium of the meeting, democrats Li Gongpu, Zhang Naiqi, Shi Fuliang, Guo Moruo and Ma Yinchu. The Central News Agency, the official mouthpiece of the Kuomintang, concealed the truth and reversed black and white in the published news, which further aroused the public indignation of people from all walks of life and the people of the whole country.
the shimonoseki tragedy. On May 5, 1946, more than 50 units of various democratic parties and people's organizations established the "Shanghai People's Organizations Federation" in Shanghai and issued a declaration demanding that the civil war be stopped immediately and the resolutions of the CPPCC meeting be implemented. On June 23, nearly 100000 people from more than 150 people's organizations in Shanghai held an anti-civil war meeting in the square of the North Railway Station, and sent off representatives Ma Xulun and Lei Jieqiong, who were elected by the meeting, to petition in Nanjing. When Ma Xulun and his party arrived at Xiaguan Station in Nanjing, they were besieged and beaten by Kuomintang agents, injuring 12 people.
Lee, Wen tragedy. At the end of June 1946, the Yunnan Branch of the Democratic League held a reception in Kunming and jointly launched the "Ten Thousand Signature Movement" calling for peace with people from all walks of life ". On the evening of July 11, KMT agents assassinated Li Gongpu, leader of the Democratic League and a famous democrat, on his way home with a US-made silent pistol. After Li was killed, Wen Yiduo, a famous poet and university professor, risked his life to attend and deliver a speech at Li Gongpu's memorial service held on the afternoon of July 15. At 5 p.m. on the same day, he was killed by Kuomintang agents on his way home.
In early July 1946, the Kuomintang government even ignored the resolute opposition of the Communist Party of China and the Democratic League and other parties, ignored the CPPCC resolution, and announced the convening of the "National Assembly". Zhou Enlai lodged a written protest to Chiang Kai-shek on July 7; representatives of the Democratic League Liang Shuming and Luo Longji followed up the protest on July 5; on October 14, the chairman of the Democratic League Zhang Lan issued a statement and pointed out that the Democratic League will not give up its opinions and position., Not afraid of all threats and inducements, never participate. On November 10, the Chongqing branch of the Three People's Principles Comrades Federation, the Democratic National Construction Association, the Jiusan Society and other parties and 21 people's organizations in Chongqing jointly issued "Our Opinions on the Convening of the National Assembly", calling on the whole people to stop the Kuomintang authorities' split action. On November 15, the Kuomintang insisted on holding a single-handed "National Assembly" in Nanjing and passed a pseudo-constitution, which was spurned by various democratic parties and patriots and was completely isolated.
The Kuomintang diehards not only undermined the CPPCC agreement, but also refused to implement the armistice agreement reached through Marshall's mediation in January 1946. Chiang Kai-shek secretly ordered the Kuomintang army to enter the northeast, resulting in a situation of "big strikes outside the pass and small strikes inside the pass". He successively occupied Shenyang, Changchun, Jilin and other cities and most areas south of the Songhua River. At the same time, he directed the Kuomintang army to attack the liberated areas. From the armistice order came into effect to June, the Kuomintang army attacked the liberated areas 4365 times, using a total of 2.7 million troops, occupying 40 cities and 2577 villages and towns in the liberated areas.
The Communist Party of China has united all democratic parties and democrats to wage an unremitting struggle against the perverse actions of the Kuomintang die-hards. The Chinese Communist Party delegation headed by Zhou Enlai negotiated with the Kuomintang in Chongqing and Nanjing. On March 18, Zhou Enlai pointed out at a Chinese and foreign press conference on the KMT's act of undermining the CPPCC agreement: "All resolutions of the CPPCC cannot be shaken or revised." "Whoever wants to destroy it is to destroy the democracy, peace, unity and unity of China today".
(III)
For the Kuomintang die-hards, the Chongqing negotiations and the Political Consultative Conference are just a smokescreen to deceive the Chinese and foreign people, and they cannot really dispel their plans for a dictatorial civil war. in view of this, while defending the cppcc agreement, the cpc has not let down its guard and adopted a series of self-defense measures to make active preparations for an inevitable large-scale civil war.
In June 1946, Chiang Kai-shek, who thought he had everything ready, finally tore up the armistice agreement and launched an all-out attack on the liberated areas. As Liang Shuming, a democrat at the time, lamented: "When you wake up, peace is dead!"
On June 26, Chiang Kai-shek launched an attack on the liberated areas of the Central Plains with 25 brigades and about 210000 troops. Since then, the three-and-a-half-year civil war began in an all-round way.
From July to October, Chiang Kai-shek attacked the East China Liberated Area with 58 brigades and about 460000 troops. With 28 brigades and about 240000 troops to attack the Shanxi-Hebei-Luyu Liberated Area; With 18 brigades and about 160000 troops to attack the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Liberated Area; With 20 brigades and about 90000 troops to attack the Shanxi-Sui Liberated Area; With 16 brigades and about 160000 troops to attack the Northeast Liberated Area; With 19 brigades and about 150000 troops; with nine brigades and about 70000 troops, they attacked the guerilla areas of guangdong and hainan island.
Relying on the absolute superiority of troops and equipment, Chiang Kai-shek arrogantly declared that "the entire CCP will be resolved militarily within 5 months".
However, with the support of the broad masses of the people in the liberated areas and the Kuomintang-controlled areas, the Chinese Communist Party took it easy. In July, the Communist Party changed the name of the army to the "people's Liberation Army", overturning the dark old society with the vast ocean of people's war in exchange for a bright new world.
On August 6, in Yangjialing, Yan'an, not far from the flames, Anna Louis Strong, an American progressive writer and an old friend of the Chinese people, once again came to Mao Zedong's residence. Strong visited China for the first time in 1925 to report and support China's provincial and Hong Kong strikes. Since then, she has traveled to and from China and the United States many times to report to the people of the United States and the world on the revolutionary struggle of workers and peasants led by the Communist Party of China and the anti-Japanese activities of the army and people in the liberated areas. It was in this interview with Yang Jialing that Mao Zedong published his shocking remarks on the world pattern and China's war situation after the Second World War. He boldly declared to the world: "All reactionaries are paper tigers. It seems that the reactionaries are terrible, but in fact they have no great power. From a long-term point of view, the real power does not belong to the reactionaries, but to the people." He also said about China's full-scale civil war: "What we rely on is nothing but millet and rifles, but history will prove in the end that this millet and rifles are better than Chiang Kai-shek's planes and tanks."
It is said that because there is no "paper tiger" in the English idiom, Yu Guangsheng, the translator at that time, used the similar idiom "scarecrow (Scarecrow)" in English instead. When Mao Zedong learned about it, he said, "No, I mean a paper tiger, a paper-tiger. It's used to scare children. It looks terrible, but in fact it's soft at the sight of water and broken at the sight of wind." After listening to Mao Zedong's explanation, Strong couldn't help laughing. Mao Zedong watched Strong write down his words and said with a smile: "Chiang Kai-shek and his supporters, the American reactionaries, are also paper tigers." In this way, the combination of Paper-Tiger, along with Mao Zedong's famous assertion, has been widely circulated around the world.
"All reactionaries are paper tigers." It is not only a declaration of war against the reactionaries in the United States and Chiang, but also a great encouragement to the people of the whole country. It shows the courage and determination of the Chinese Communist Party to defeat all enemies.
So, how terrible was Chiang Kai-shek's "paper tiger" at that time? The Kuomintang had a total strength of about 4.3 million troops, including regular troops, irregular troops and rear military institutions and schools, and had well-equipped land, sea and air forces; the People's Liberation Army had a total strength of only 1.27 million troops, not only no navy and air force, but the army was also poorly equipped. The Kuomintang government rules about 76% of the country's area and 0.339 billion population, controls almost all large cities and most of the railway transportation lines, and has most of the country's modern industrial and human and material resources; while the liberated areas only account for the country's land area. 24% of the population, about 0.136 billion, accounting for 28% of the country's population, basically rely on the traditional agricultural economy. In addition, the Kuomintang also received all the equipment of the 1 million Japanese troops who surrendered to China, especially the economic and military assistance from the United States. Before July 1946, the United States trained 150000 troops and military personnel for the Kuomintang and equipped 45 divisions of the Kuomintang army. The United States used warships and aircraft to send more than 540000 troops, 41 divisions and 8 traffic police corps of the Kuomintang army to the front line of attacking the liberated areas. The United States also sent 90000 Marines to occupy important cities such as Shanghai, Qingdao, Tianjin, Beiping and Qinhuangdao. The Chinese Communist Party has no overt international support. From the above comparison, it can be seen that the Kuomintang has a great advantage in all aspects. It is no wonder that the international and domestic parties were skeptical about whether the Communist Party could win the war. In the face of the disparity between the enemy and the enemy, does the Chinese Communist Party dare to use revolutionary war to oppose counter-revolutionary war? Can the People's Liberation Army defeat the attack of the Kuomintang reactionary army? This is the question that the Chinese Communist Party must first answer to the whole Party, the whole army and the people of the whole country. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Mao Zedong objectively and comprehensively estimated the whole situation. With strong determination and fearless spirit, they confidently announced to the world: "we must not only defeat Chiang Kai Shek, but also defeat Chiang Kai Shek!"
From July to October, Mao Zedong successively wrote instructions such as "smashing Chiang Kai-shek's attack with a war of self-defense", "concentrating superior forces and annihilating the enemy" and "three-month summary". It pointed out the political policy and military principle of defeating the enemy to the whole party and the whole army, and stressed the importance of the principle of "concentrating superior forces and annihilating the enemy. Chiang Kai-shek's all-line attack tactics could not eliminate or weaken the effective power of the Communist Party, which was as flexible as loach, in the field; on the contrary, because of the defensive point and the line, he lost his mobility and soon fell into the dilemma of being unable to care for each other, and unconsciously gave up the initiative on the battlefield. By November 1946, the Nationalist Army's front had been extended to about 10000 kilometers, and the troops used for garrison were close to half their total offensive strength. According to the statistics of the PLA headquarters, in October 1946, when the Kuomintang army was at the peak of its attack, the number of troops used for attack accounted for about 56% of the total troops invested in the civil war, but by November, it had dropped to 46%. In terms of mobile forces, the Kuomintang army quickly lost its superiority.
On November 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China called the Central Bureaus and the Central Sub-bureaus on Chiang Kai-shek's convening of the puppet National Congress and preparing to attack Yan'an, and pointed out: "Chiang Kai-shek is trying to be poor in the twilight, and he wants to open the'National University' and attack Yan'an. In fact, it will be counterproductive." In the telegram, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China replaced the previous term "war of self-defense" with "People's Liberation War" for the first time, and called on "unite the whole party, the whole army and all the people to smash Chiang Kai-shek's offensive and establish a democratic China. And struggle". On November 21, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a meeting in Yan'an and decided to use "overthrow Chiang Kai-shek" to finally solve domestic problems. The establishment of this policy has transformed the People's Liberation Army from a war of self-defense to a national war of liberation.
From November 1946 to February 1947, the People's Liberation Army relied on the liberated areas to carry out internal operations. In the East China battlefield, the East China Field Army and the Shandong Field Army carried out the Subei Campaign, the Lunan Campaign, and the Laiwu Campaign to wipe out the enemy 140000; in the Shanxi-Hebei-Luyu battlefield, after the Juancheng Campaign, the Hua County Campaign, the Giant Golden Fish Campaign, and the Henan-Anhui border Campaign, the enemy was wiped out 60000. In the Shanxi-Cr-Hebei battlefield, the Battle of Yiman and the Battle of Baonan, the enemy 16000 were wiped out; in the Northeast battlefield, the Battle of Xinkailing and other battles, 58000 enemy soldiers were wiped out. The People's Liberation Army smashed the all-out attack of the Kuomintang army.
(IV)
In order to fully mobilize the masses, mobilize the revolutionary enthusiasm of the peasants, and overthrow the reactionary rule of the Kuomintang, the Communist Party of China began the process of thoroughly solving China's land problem in the liberated areas.
On May 4, 1946, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the "Instructions on Land Issues", that is, the "May Fourth Instructions", which marked a fundamental change in land policy, that is, the rent and interest reduction policy implemented during the Anti-Japanese War was changed to confiscation of landlord class land. Distribution to farmers. The May 4th directive points out that solving the land problem is the most basic historical task of the party at present, and Party committees in all localities must mobilize and lead the masses to accomplish this historical task. We must resolutely carry out land reform on the side of the peasants, support all their legitimate claims and just actions, and approve the land they have acquired and are acquiring. The May 4th Directive stipulates that the land of the middle peasants shall not be infringed upon, and that the whole movement must win the true sympathy or satisfaction of all the middle peasants, including the rich middle peasants; that there should be a distinction between the rich peasants and the landlords, large, medium and small among the landlords, and bullies and non-bullies, and that the land of the rich peasants should not be protected; the enlightened gentleman should be treated with caution and proper care in sports.
After the "May Fourth Directive" was issued, the land reform movement of "land for the tiller" was generally carried out in various liberated areas. By February 1947, about two-thirds of the liberated areas basically solved the land problem. According to statistics, there are 10 million farmers in the Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong-Henan liberated area, accounting for 1/3 of the total population; 15 million in the northeast liberated area, accounting for 1/2 of the total population; 1 million in the Shanxi-Suiyuan liberated area, accounting for 1/2 of the total population; and 15 million in the Jiangsu-Anhui liberated area.
The victory of the land reform liberated the rural productive forces and greatly mobilized the enthusiasm of the peasants to defend the liberated areas and support the revolutionary war. By October 1946, 300000 peasants in the liberated areas had joined the People's Liberation Army, and 3 million to 4 million peasants had joined the militia or guerrillas. For example, among the 10 million peasants who obtained land in the Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong-Henan Liberated Area, 2 million joined the militia, and 100000 young and middle-aged joined the main force to participate in the battle. Facts have proved that from the day when the land reform was carried out in the liberated areas, the death knell of the Kuomintang reactionaries has already sounded.
(V)
In keeping with the vigorous land reform movement in the liberated areas, the Communist Party of China led democrats from all walks of life and the masses of the people in the Kuomintang-controlled areas to set off a massive patriotic democratic movement, and gradually formed a second front to cooperate with the People's Liberation War. This is an invisible front., But this is the most important front, because the people's back-to-back has always been the decisive factor in any battle.
On the one hand, in order to obtain more aid from the United States during the civil war, the Kuomintang government did not hesitate to sell national sovereignty and further colonize the Kuomintang-controlled areas. Since November 1946, it has signed a series of unequal treaties with the United States, such as the Sino-US Treaty of Friendship, Trade and Navigation, which has enabled the United States to seize privileges from land to sea, from air to underground, from politics to economy and culture. The U.S. military is rampant in China, including wanton wounding by military vehicles, beating and killing innocent people, insulting and raping women, and so on. According to incomplete statistics, from August 1945 to November 1946, there were 3800 atrocities committed by the US military in Shanghai, Nanjing, Beiping, Qingdao, Tianjin and other places. On average, one person died at the hands of the US military every day in Shanghai. The numerous crimes committed by the US military have aroused the public indignation of all patriotic Chinese people, and the broad masses of the people have thoroughly seen Chiang Kai-shek's reactionary policy of dictatorship, civil war and betrayal. On the other hand, in order to support the civil war, the Kuomintang government imposed arbitrary levies on the people in the Kuomintang-controlled areas. In order to make up for the deficit, the Kuomintang government adopted the irresponsible act of printing money indiscriminately, which triggered soaring prices and a sharp devaluation of the currency. The financial crisis not only caused a sharp decline in people's living standards, but also caused great damage to national industry and commerce, resulting in a large number of urban populations. Unemployment, the majority of farmers are in dire straits. The social crisis in the Kuomintang-controlled area broke out in an all-round way.
The Kuomintang government has gone to the opposite of the people. From 1946 to May 1947, a democratic movement against civil war, hunger and persecution was formed in the Kuomintang controlled areas, in which the student movement, the worker-peasant movement and the struggle of people from all walks of life were combined. The Communist Party of China took advantage of the favorable opportunity to gain the leadership of this front without gunpowder.
In December 1946, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China reorganized the Central Urban Work Department, with Zhou Enlai concurrently serving as the Minister of the Urban Work Department and Li Weihan as the Deputy Minister. Its task is: "Under the policy stipulated by the central government, discuss and manage all work in the Chiang Kai-shek area (including industry, agriculture, youth, and women), and train working cadres." At the same time, the central government instructed local party organizations to select a group of suitable cadres to carry out the movement of workers, students, youth and women in big cities, and to carry out united front work. It is required to adhere to the working policy of "concealing and capable, ambush for a long time, accumulate strength, and wait for the opportunity"; adhere to a reasonable, beneficial, and disciplined struggle strategy; pay attention to combining the anti-American and anti-Chiang struggle, and the economic and political struggles., Combine legal struggle with illegal struggle, "strive to start from the basis of struggle for survival, the establishment of a broad front against betrayal, civil war, dictatorship and spy terror".
Under the leadership of the Communist Party, the patriotic democratic movement of the people in the Kuomintang-controlled areas rose rapidly. On the evening of December 24, 1946, a serious incident occurred in which the US military raped Shen Chong, a female student of Peking University. On December 26, three newspapers in Beiping reported the truth. The Kuomintang authorities not only did not protect the interests of the people and safeguard national dignity, but instead defended the US military through the Central News Agency, saying that "it is inevitable for all countries to fail to check after drinking". The atrocities of the US military and the ugliness of the Kuomintang authorities immediately aroused great anger among the Chinese people. On December 30, more than 5000 students from Peking University, Tsinghua University, Yanjing and other universities jointly held a march to protest against the atrocities of the US military.
On the 31st, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China instructed the underground party organizations in the Kuomintang-controlled area to mobilize the masses in major cities to respond to and support the Peiping student movement, and strive to "create the broadest lineup" in the movement, "take a righteous offensive", "make this movement to isolate the United States. The road of Chiang Kai-shek and opposition to the colonization of China by the United States" pointed out the direction for the movement. In accordance with the spirit of the Central Committee's instructions, party organizations in various localities have adhered to the central slogan of "withdrawing the US military from China" and led the struggle to a deeper level.
Under the leadership of the Communist Party, the movement spread rapidly throughout the country. Students in Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Taipei and other places have held rallies, strikes or demonstrations, with 500000 people. Their momentum, scale and influence are far more than the "December 9" movement. This anti-violence struggle has received strong support from people from all walks of life across the country. Many professors, scholars, cultural celebrities, and various parties and organizations in Peiping, Shanghai, Tianjin and other places have risen to support the students' patriotic struggle. This was the first anti-American and anti-Chiang fire launched by the people in the Kuomintang-controlled areas after the outbreak of the full-scale civil war, and soon formed a second front to encircle the Chiang Kai-shek government, which effectively cooperated with the contest between the people's Liberation Army and the Kuomintang army on the battlefield.
Source: Learning Times
Reprinted from: Party Building Network
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