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Battle of Shangganling: bring the enemy back to the negotiating table
In October 1952, the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea was in a stalemate stage, and the armistice negotiations had been going on for more than a year. In order to increase the bargaining chips, the United States attempted to launch a new offensive against me on the battlefield, hoping to force me to agree to its unreasonable demands in the negotiations with victory on the battlefield. On October 8, the representative of the United States side unilaterally announced an indefinite adjournment of the armistice negotiations and shouted: "Let the artillery and bombs debate with you!" On the 14th, the "United Nations forces" assembled by the United States launched a sudden attack on the 597.9 high ground and the 537.7 high ground Beishan, the forward position of the Wushishan Mountain stationed by the 45th Division of the 15th Army, and launched the so-called "Jinhua offensive". Wushengshan is located about 30 kilometers north of the 38th parallel. It is the absolute commanding height in central North Korea. If it is lost, we will retreat 200 kilometers without danger. There is a village called Shangganling behind the Beishan Mountains in the 597.9 and 537.7 Highlands, so our side called this battle the "Battle of Shangganling".
Van Freet, the chief commander of the "United Nations Army", originally planned to take the two highlands within 5 days at the cost of 200 casualties. However, after 43 days of tragic fighting, the "United Nations Army" invested more than 60000 troops and fired More than 190 million rounds of artillery shells, more than 5000 bombs, and paid the price of more than 25000 casualties, but still did not get an inch. The Battle of Shangganling dealt a heavy blow to the morale of the invaders, and since then, the enemy has not launched an offensive above the battalion level. This war played the prestige of our country, laid the border between the north and the south of Korea, brought the enemy back to the negotiating table, and accelerated the process of the Korean armistice negotiations.
"Like coming out of the ground" tunnel tactics. In the early morning of October 14, the enemy dispatched more than 300 artillery pieces and 27 tanks to prepare for our 597.9 highland and 537.7 highland Beishan positions with a firepower density of 6 rounds per second, and then launched a fierce attack with seven battalions. However, the enemy did not expect that after an hour of intensive artillery bombardment, a large number of volunteers "emerged from the ground" to attack the invading enemy head-on. On that day, two hostile positions fired more than 300,000 shells and dropped more than 500 bombs. All our surface fortifications were destroyed, half of our surface positions were lost, and our army retreated to defend the tunnel. In the evening of the same day, our army relied on the tunnel to organize a counterattack and recaptured all the positions. In the following seven days, our army, outnumbered and under the enemy's superior firepower, launched a fierce tug-of-war with the enemy, wiped out more than 7000 enemy at the cost of more than 3500 casualties, and withstood the enemy's crazy attack.
The fact that we were able to achieve such a result under such a fierce enemy artillery attack is inseparable from our army's flexible use of tunnel tactics. Before the outbreak of the Shangganling Campaign, in order to implement Mao Zedong's operational policy of "protracted operations and active defense", in accordance with the deployment of superiors, our army built a "defensive, offensive, mobile, and living" on the reverse slope of the Shangganling position (that is, the back of the enemy's offensive mountain). A complete tunnel system. Each tunnel has more than two exits, with a width of 1.2 meters, a height of 1.7 meters and a top thickness of more than 30 meters. This kind of solid tunnel fortifications built on the reverse slope make full use of the shooting dead corners of various artillery and natural mountains as cover, effectively weakening the enemy's artillery advantage, so that our effective strength can be saved to the maximum extent under the attack of the enemy's heavy artillery. Therefore, when the enemy's artillery extended and the infantry charged, our tunnel troops could quickly rush out, giving full play to our melee advantage and fighting with the enemy infantry.
On October 20, after fierce fighting, the enemy occupied most of our surface positions. Due to heavy casualties and inability to counterattack, our army retreated to defend the tunnel. As a result, the battle entered the tunnel combat stage. Since then, our tunnel troops have extensively carried out a mass campaign of cold guns and artillery, and have continuously sent small units from inside the tunnel to take the initiative to attack, destroy the fortifications built by the enemy, "pick up the enemy piecemeal," and annihilate a large number of the enemy's effective forces at a relatively low cost, causing the enemy to panic day and night and unable to firmly occupy the surface position. In the first ten days of the tunnel operation alone, each tunnel organized a small number of troops to take the initiative to attack 158 times and wipe out more than 2000 enemy troops. The surface position dragging the enemy above the tunnel could not move forward, thus winning precious time and space for our rear forces to prepare for a large counterattack.
"Not only is his tactics playful, but his coordination with the infantry is also very tacit". In the Battle of Shangganling, our artillery played an irreplaceable role. In view of our weakness in firepower and the long distance of infantry impact, the volunteers, on the basis of regular the coordinated tactics of infantry and artillery, flexibly used tactics such as false firepower preparation, false impact, and false diversion of artillery, so that the power of our artillery was doubled and the enemy was effectively killed.
In the tug-of-war seven days before the battle, the artillery and infantry fought together. During defense, the artillery formed multiple fire blocking lines to assist the infantry in attacking the enemy who was assembled, impacted and reinforced. During counterattack, the infantry followed the artillery barrage closely. The fierce artillery support effectively killed the enemy's effective force, destroyed the enemy's infantry fortifications and artillery positions, and effectively cooperated with our army's defense and counterattack.
In the tunnel combat phase, our artillery departments are responsible for ensuring the safety of each tunnel entrance, responding to infantry calls at any time to provide fire support, destroying the enemy stronghold fortifications blocking our tunnel entrance, covering our small units to attack and annihilate the enemy, focusing on shooting the enemy on the surface positions, "with accurate and fierce artillery support, effectively protecting the safety of the tunnel entrance and killing the enemy occupying the surface positions, it played a very important role in winning the battle in the tunnel".
At 22:00 on October 30, our army concentrated various artillery groups to launch a large counterattack with an overwhelming momentum, and began the first large-scale artillery battle in the history of our volunteer army. Five minutes after the artillery attack, the artillery extended and our infantry made a feint attack. At this time, the enemy climbed out of the dilapidated works, repaired the fortifications, formed a formation, and waited for our infantry to attack. However, our infantry did not attack, but the gunfire killed a return carbine and carried out another 10-minute gunfire attack on the already deployed enemy. This was repeated several times, directly causing heavy casualties to the enemy, destroying more than 70% of the enemy's work, clearing the way for our infantry to attack and enabling the infantry to regain their positions more smoothly. In the subsequent counterattack and consolidation battles, our artillery cooperated with the infantry with flexible tactics and powerful firepower, "the infantry and artillery became more and more closely coordinated, and the combat casualties gradually decreased". By November 25, I had restored all my positions, and the enemy was no longer able to launch an attack. The Battle of Shangganling ended victoriously.
In the Battle of Shangganling, our artillery put in a total of more than 500 light and heavy artillery pieces, fired more than 400,000 shells, and killed and wounded more than 12800 enemy troops, which played an important role in the victory of the battle. Qin Jiwei, commander of the 15th Army, summed up the battle and said, "All the artillery of the troops participating in the battle were well organized, fast, accurate and ruthless, not only their own tactics were nifty, but also their coordination with the infantry was very tacit. The infantry troops were all satisfied."
The fighting spirit of "believing that we will win. Under the crushing of the enemy's all-round absolute superiority in firepower, military strength, and logistics, our army fought firefly for 43 days on two hills covering a mere 3.8 square kilometers, without losing an inch of land. The most powerful force behind the victory of our army is the unparalleled fighting spirit.
In the battle, the officers and soldiers of our volunteers are full of heroism from top to bottom that dare to fight and are not afraid of sacrifice. Cui Jiangong, commander of the 45th Division, said: "If there is one company left, I will be the company commander. If there is one class left, I will be the monitor." In the 43 days of fierce fighting, our army has emerged countless shocking combat heroes. Huang Jiguang, a super combat hero, used his last strength to block the enemy's shooting hole with his flesh and blood, opening up a way for the troops to charge when he suffered seven serious injuries and his left leg was blown off. Hu Xiudao, a first-class combat hero, fought back more than 40 attacks and wiped out more than 280 enemies, but he was unharmed. Sun Zhanyuan, a first-class combat hero, was blown off his legs, more than 80 enemy troops were wiped out with machine guns. After the ammunition was exhausted, the grenades were pulled and the enemy died together... The war history compiled by the 15th Army of the Volunteer Army recorded: "In the Battle of Shangganling, the grenades, grenades, blasting barrels, and explosive packages were pulled and the enemy died together at the critical moment, and it became a common phenomenon to lay down their lives to blow up the enemy's bunker and block the enemy's gun holes."
In the tunnel combat phase, due to the enemy's blockade, it was difficult for our transport team to transport materials into the tunnel in time. Fire line transporters often have to pay a few lives to bring in a bag of biscuits and a pot of water. The transportation line is covered with blown-up condolence bags, radishes, apples, steamed buns and the blood of transporters. In the whole battle, the casualties of the transport personnel reached more than 1700, accounting for 14% of the total casualties of our army. In the tunnel, the officers and soldiers were enduring unimaginable hardships and hardships and held fast to their positions in the tunnel. There is a shortage of food and water in the tunnels. Some tunnels have been without water for several days and can only drink urine to maintain their lives. The enemy blasted the entrance of the tunnel with artillery, blocked the entrance with boulders, smoked the tunnel with poison gas bombs and sulfur, blocked the vent with barbed wire wrapped in a ball, cut holes from the top of the tunnel and loaded explosives for blasting, etc., which made the situation of our tunnel troops even worse. The space in the tunnel is narrow, filled with smoke, sulfur, blood, feces, suffocating. In the harsh environment, there is a lack of medicine and medicine. Many wounded wounds cannot be treated, fester and fester, and even sacrifice in the tunnel. In a difficult environment, officers and soldiers are united and persevering with a strong fighting will and a spirit of revolutionary optimism. In their reply, thanking the people of the motherland for their condolences, they wrote: "In addition to fighting, we just laugh and entertain, talking about our victory, talking about the greatness of the motherland, and singing songs. Our mood is always happy, and we are not afraid of being blocked and destroyed by the enemy, because we know the magnitude of the task, we are clear about the significance of the battle, and we firmly believe that we will win!"
In the Battle of Shangganling, our volunteers defeated the most powerful army in the world at that time with a steel fighting will and a steel fighting spirit, and solemnly declared to the world that the Western invaders relied on a few cannons. The era in which the Chinese people can succumb is completely over.
Source: Learning Times
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