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Exploring the Historical Origin of the People's Republic of China "Country Name"
After the Opium War, China experienced "changes unseen in three thousand years". Driven by the ideological trend of "saving the nation from subjugation", the establishment of "New China" has become the primary theme of intellectuals in modern times. According to the existing data, Kang Youwei was the first to put forward the "new China. In the face of the crisis at the end of the Qing Dynasty, Kang Youwei put forward in 1888: "we can not only judge the death of China, but also can't save it. We can't bear to sit back and watch it. We want to teach in the United States, but also want to run a colony in Brazil, thinking of new China." Since the birth of the Communist Party of China, the concept and practice of establishing "New China" have been started.
From the "Federal Republic of China" to the "Soviet Workers' and Peasants' Republic"
Before and after the founding of the Communist Party of China, China was in a troubled world of warlordism. "Because democratic politics failed to succeed, it was called a Republican country. In fact, warlords still held power. In this semi-independent feudal country, the ruling warlords often colluded with international imperialism". For this reason, the Second National Congress of the Party pointed out: "The headquarters of unified China (including the three eastern provinces) is a truly democratic republic." "Unify China's headquarters, Mongolia, Tibet and Xinjiang with a free federal system, and establish the Federal Republic of China". The "Federal Republic of China" with the nature of "true democratic republic" is the historical starting point of the founding thought of the Communist Party of China. However, because the young Communist Party of China did not really understand the difference between the old and the new, and could not accurately judge and analyze the status of China's various classes in the country, this idea quickly died under the split of the Kuomintang Rightists.
In May 1927, the Declaration of the Fifth National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to "overthrow the counter-revolutionary alliance of imperialist warlords and the rebellious bourgeoisie", establish a "revolutionary civil rights alliance of workers, peasants and petty bourgeoisie", and "establish a new free China". On October 23, the "Declaration of the Communist Party of China and the Chinese Communist Youth League against the Warlord War" clearly stated: "Unify China and create a new China-the China of the Workers', Peasants, Soldiers, and Poor People's Congress (Soviet)." this is the first time that the term "new china" has appeared in an official document of the party. Confined to the situation at that time, the CCP's conception of "New China" still remained at the level of transplanting the Soviet model, and put forward the slogan of "Soviet Republic. At the beginning of the idea, the "Soviet Republic" referred to the "Democratic Republic of the Congress of Workers, Peasants, Soldiers, and Poor People", that is, the "Soviet Republic of Workers and Peasants". With the development of revolutionary practice, the "Chinese Soviet Republic" with a national scale and unified name was established in Ruijin, Jiangxi Province on November 7, 1931. The "Outline of the Constitution of the Chinese Soviet Republic" clearly stipulates the nature of the "Chinese Soviet Republic": "The Chinese Soviet regime established a democratic dictatorship of workers and peasants." This shows that the nature of the "Chinese Soviet Republic" is a workers' and peasants' democratic republic, that is, the "Soviet workers' and peasants' republic".
The "Soviet Workers' and Peasants' Republic" is the first independent attempt of the Communist Party of China's founding ideology, but because it is the Communist Party of China after the failure of the first Great Revolution, it has no time to make an in-depth analysis of China's national conditions. Its final abortion is inevitable.
From "Soviet Workers' and Peasants' Republic" to "Soviet People's Republic" to "Democratic Republic"
The Wayaobao Conference in December 1935 passed the "Central Committee Resolution on the Current Political Situation and the Party's Tasks". The resolution stated: "The Soviet Workers' and Peasants' Republic and its central government declared: Change itself into a Soviet People's Republic and change its own policy., That is, many parts of the policy of the Soviet Workers' and Peasants' Republic have been changed to a situation more suitable for opposing Japanese imperialism turning China into a colony." The "Soviet People's Republic" is a discourse reflection of the CCP's deep thinking on the future and destiny of the country under the background of prominent ethnic contradictions. It expands the class foundation and social foundation of the state power. However, the title of "Soviet People's Republic" did not fundamentally abandon the proposition of "Soviet", and could not really meet the requirements of the transformation of the United Front Strategy under the background of the supremacy of national contradictions, so it was quickly shelved.
On August 25, 1936, in the "Letter from the Communist Party of China to the Chinese Kuomintang", the Communist Party of China changed the "Soviet People's Republic" to "Democratic Republic", stating that "We sponsor the establishment of a unified democratic republic throughout China" and "The Soviet region can become an integral part of the unified democratic republic of China when the democratic republic of China is established". On September 17, the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee passed the "Resolution on the New Situation of the Anti-Japanese National Salvation Movement and the Democratic Republic", in which it specified the slogan of the "Democratic Republic" and pointed out: "The Central Committee believes that under the current situation, it is necessary to propose The slogan of establishing a democratic republic is necessary, because this is the best way to unite all anti-Japanese forces to protect China's territorial integrity and prevent the Chinese people from the catastrophe, moreover, this is also the most appropriate slogan of the United Front derived from the democratic demands of the broad masses of the people. It is a more popularized democracy than the Soviet system in some parts of the territory, and a much more advanced political system than the one party dictatorship of the Kuomintang in the main areas of China." It can be seen that the "Democratic Republic" is another "New China" slogan put forward from the historical task of uniting the whole country to resist Japan and save the nation.
The proposal of the "democratic republic" was to some extent adapted to the situation in the context of the national war of resistance, but the "democratic republic" did not clearly indicate the democratic goal pursued by the Chinese Communist Party: is it new democracy or old democracy? In addition, the "democratic republic" was destroyed and attacked by the big landlords and big bourgeoisie headed by Chiang Kai-shek in the late 1930 s, when the war of resistance entered a stalemate. At the same time, the Communist Party's practice of building politics in the anti-Japanese base areas also promoted the proposal of a new nation-building slogan.
From "Democratic Republic" to "New Democratic Republic"
Under the background that the "democratic republic" is challenged by all parties, the Communist Party of China has continuously developed the connotation of "democratic republic. In December 1939, Mao Zedong pointed out the state system of the "democratic republic" in the report "The Chinese Revolution and the Communist Party of China": "The democratic republic to be created by the current stage of China's revolution must be a worker, peasant and other petty bourgeoisie. A democratic republic in which a certain position plays a certain role. In other words, it is a democratic republic of the revolutionary alliance of workers, peasants, urban petty bourgeoisie and all other anti-imperialist and anti-feudal elements. The complete completion of this republic is only possible under the leadership of the proletariat." This makes clear the difference between the "democratic republic" formed by the new democratic revolution and the "democratic republic" in the general sense.
In 1940, Mao Zedong's "On New Democracy" came out, which formally answered the question of what kind of country the new democratic revolution would build. Mao Zedong emphasized: "The Chinese Democratic Republic to be established now can only be a democratic republic under the joint dictatorship of all anti-imperialist and anti-feudal people under the leadership of the proletariat. This is the new democratic republic, which is the three major policies of the real revolution. The new Three People's Principles Republic." The biggest difference between the New Democratic Republic and the Democratic Republic is that there are "new" qualitative provisions, "the combination of new democratic politics, new democratic economy and new democratic culture, this is the New Democratic Republic, this is the real Republic of China, this is the new China we want to create". The "New Democratic Republic" is a basic nation-building strategy put forward by the Communist Party of China based on national conditions. Its preliminary practice in various anti-Japanese base areas has accumulated fresh experience for the final reconstruction of the country.
From "New Democratic Republic" to "the People's Republic of China"
In June 1946, Chiang Kai-shek finally tore up the armistice and provoked a civil war. The objective situation forced the CPC Central Committee and Mao Zedong to use war as a means to solve the problem of "new China. In July 1947, the People's Liberation War shifted from strategic defense to strategic offensive, which became a turning point in the Chinese revolution. On October 10, Mao Zedong drafted the "Chinese People's Liberation Army Manifesto" in Shenquanbao. For the first time, he put forward the slogan "Down with Chiang Kai-shek and liberate the whole of China", calling on "Unite the oppressed classes, people's organizations, All democratic parties, all ethnic minorities, overseas Chinese and other patriots from all over the country form a national united front, overthrow Chiang Kai-shek's autocratic government, and establish a democratic coalition government". This is to "build a brand-new China" and a "new China" that is "independent, free, prosperous, strong and unified".
In order to determine the name of "New China", the leaders of the Communist Party of China and democrats made comparisons and choices at the preparatory meeting of the CPPCC. Huang Yanpei and Zhang Zhirang advocated the name "Chinese People's Democratic State" because democracy and republic have similar meanings in Western languages. There is no need to repeat. Zhang Xiruo advocated "the People's Republic of China" because the word "people" has already expressed the meaning of the people's democratic dictatorship, and there is no need to repeat the word "democracy. Most of the delegates preferred to use the name "the People's Republic of China", which was eventually submitted to and adopted by the CPPCC.
On September 7, 1949, Zhou Enlai made a report on several issues of the CPPCC to the CPPCC deputies, in which he explained on the issue of country name: "the word 'democracy' of the people's Democratic Republic of China has been removed from the draft of the Organic Law of the Central people's Government. The reason for the removal is that they feel that 'democracy' and 'republic' have a common meaning and need not be repeated. It is better to use the word 'republic' as a country. After the Revolution of 1911, the name of China was the'Republic of China', which meant a republic, but it was not complete. It can be explained as a pun, and it is puzzling. Now we should distinguish between the old democracy and the new democracy. Because during the 1911 Revolution, the Russian October Revolution had not yet succeeded, and at that time it could only be the old democracy. After that, it progressed from an incomplete old democracy to a complete new democracy. Today, in order to make the name of the country in line with the nature of the country, so our country name should be the People's Republic of China."
So far, the discourse system of the "New China" of the Communist Party of China has been continuously evolved and abandoned, and finally established with the name of "the People's Republic of China" and the goal of "independence, democracy, peace, unity, prosperity and strength. This is not only the inevitable evolution of the discourse system, but also the embodiment of the Party's theoretical character of advancing with the times in the discourse system.
Source: Beijing Daily
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