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The God of the War of Liberation
Before the beginning of the war of liberation, the gap between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party was extremely wide in terms of numbers and equipment. However, in just three years, the situation has changed dramatically. What is it about the outcome of the war?
In the early morning of June 26, 1946, the regional cannons centered on Xuanhua Store rumbled, and the silence of summer broke instantly. The Kuomintang army tore up the peace agreement and launched a large-scale attack on the liberated areas of the Central Plains in four routes. A full-scale civil war officially broke out, and the people's War of Liberation began.
At this time, the total strength of the Kuomintang army was about 4.3 million, of which about 2 million were regular troops. The total strength of the People's Liberation Army is only 1.27 million, of which 610000 are in the field army. The Kuomintang army had a large number of new weapons aided by the United States, and had obvious advantages in terms of the number of troops, equipment and war resources. Chiang Kai-shek claimed that it would take only three to six months to win. Chen Cheng, chief of staff of the Kuomintang army, also claimed that "it may take three months at most five months to solve the problem" of the Chinese Communist Party troops.
At this time, Chiang Kai-shek would never have thought that less than three years later, on April 23, 1949, his presidential palace in Nanjing was occupied by the People's Liberation Army. On December 10, he left Chengdu and fled to Taipei with Chiang Ching-kuo and others. The rule of the Kuomintang in the mainland ended completely.
Why has such a major shift taken place in such a short period of time? There are many reasons, including one: after more than 20 years of hard work, the military strategy and tactics of our Party and our army have almost reached the level of perfection. From the strategic planning of the Party Central Committee, to the campaign command of various field troops, to the conduct of many campaigns and battles, although it is very difficult and there are extremely dangerous moments, it can be called "magic tricks" on the whole ".
From the overall perspective, the Party Central Committee accurately analyzed and judged the trend of the situation and the Kuomintang's intentions, cleverly responded to the Kuomintang's political and military offensives, and made a series of strategic decisions based on the balance of forces between the enemy and ourselves. When the Kuomintang troops invaded the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region, they responded skillfully and fought back steadily. Subsequently, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, and Ren Bishi led the Party Central Committee and the capable organs of the PLA headquarters to voluntarily withdraw from Yan'an, leaving an empty city to the Kuomintang army. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China moved to northern Shaanxi, strategizing and directing operations on all battlefields across the country.
After smashing the Kuomintang army's all-round offensive and key offensive, the Party Central Committee promptly decided to shift from strategic defense to strategic offensive, and formulated a political, military, and economic program and a series of policies to completely defeat Chiang Kai-shek and win the country's victory. In July 1947, Mao Zedong proposed a plan to use five years (from July 1946) to solve the problem of struggle with Chiang Kai-shek. At the enlarged meeting of the political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held in Xibaipo in September 1948, it was proposed that the strategic task of the whole party was to build the 5 million people's Liberation Army and wipe out about 500 brigades (divisions) of the enemy's regular army within the above-mentioned five years. overthrow the reactionary rule of the Kuomintang as a whole. Since then, the war process has basically been advanced in accordance with the strategic planning of our party and our army, and the actual completion time has been advanced by nearly two years.
Such ingenious calculations are also reflected in many strategic decisions and campaign plans. Let us cite only a few.
One is to march into the northeast. In September 1945, the Party Central Committee and Mao Zedong put forward the strategic policy of "developing northward and defending southward". They successively sent 20000 cadres and 110000 troops to the Northeast, including 10 members of the Central Committee and 10 alternate members of the Central Committee. 4 of them are also members of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee.
The troops marching to the northeast, some by land, some by sea, day and night, caught up with the Kuomintang army. This brilliant move, which was well-known, was to assist the Soviet army in liberating the northeast. At the same time, it was the first to occupy most of the cities and regions in the northeast. Later, the Kuomintang also sent a large number of troops to attack and occupy the cities in the northeast, and the two sides played a life-and-death game. The Northeast People's Army became stronger in the Vietnam War and gradually grasped the strategic initiative. The Northeast became the strategic rear of the National Liberation War.
The second is the breakthrough of the Central plain. The Central Plains Liberated Area is located in the border area of Hubei, Henan and Anhui provinces north of Wuhan and Jiujiang. It has expanded to more than 60 counties before Japan's surrender. The Kuomintang troops marched from Wuhan into East China, North China, and Northeast China. They were blocked by the liberated areas of the Central Plains. Therefore, they continued to surround and encroach on them, compressed them to less than 1/10 of the original place, and determined to annihilate them at one stroke. in the face of this situation, the party central committee and our army in the central plains worked out a tight plan for the central plains breakout. The Party Central Committee instructed: "break through immediately, the sooner the better, don't have any worries, survival first, victory first." In the process of breaking through, Li Xiannian, commander of the Central Plains Military Region, also led two major dramas: "Strike East and West" and "Empty City Plan.
The Central Plains Military Region proceeded from reality, weighed the pros and cons, and chose the direction of breakthrough in the west, which was the farthest on the road and the least likely to be expected by the Kuomintang. However, in order to confuse the enemy, he adopted the strategy of attacking the east and the west, deliberately arranging some troops to make an eastward assault, retreat westward at night, march eastward again during the day, and tie branches on the horse's tail to sweep up the smoke and dust, making the enemy mistakenly think that our army will break through the east.
At this time, in Xuanhua Store, the headquarters of the Central Plains Liberated Area, there was also the 32nd Executive Group of the Military Investigation Department, which was responsible for mediation. Its American and Chiang personnel closely watched every move of our head office. In order not to make them aware of our movements, the work of the organs appeared to be business as usual, with the soldiers shouting slogans and singing songs. On the evening of June 26, 1946, the Art Troupe of the Central Plains military region specially organized a condolence performance. When the representatives of the United States and Chiang Kai-shek went to the auditorium, they deliberately let them "run into" Li Xiannian, who was walking on the street.
But while they were watching the performance, tens of thousands of people from the organs and main forces of the Central Plains military region left Xuanhua Store and nearby stations unknowingly. Until June 29, the organs and main forces of the Central Plains Military Region had arrived at the Pinghan Railway and began to formally break through. Our representatives hosted a banquet in Xuanhua Store to entertain all members of the 32nd Executive Group of the Military Investigation Department, and announced on the spot that General Li Xiannian had led the troops of the Central Plains Military Region to break through. The representative of the United States and Chiang Kai-shek was immediately stunned.
The third is to leap thousands of miles into the Dabie Mountains. After more than a year of fighting, the war situation has changed in our favor. The Party Central Committee made a major decision in a timely manner: to hit the outside line, to lead the war to the Kuomintang-ruled area, and to force the enemy to turn to strategic defense. On the night of June 30, 1947, Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping commanded more than 120000 Shanxi Hebei Shandong Henan field army to cross the Yellow River and launch the southwest Shandong campaign. After that, he shook off the enemy and marched south in three routes, starting the feat of leaping thousands of miles into the Dabie Mountains. Liu and Deng's army cut a bloody road from the front and back of hundreds of thousands of Kuomintang troops, crossed the Yellow River, crossed the Shahe River, snatched the Ru River and Huai River, and entered the Dabie Mountains at the end of August. Subsequently, relying on the masses of the people, they smashed the successive attacks of the 200000 Kuomintang troops, wiped out more than 30000 enemy troops in November, established democratic regimes in 33 counties, and gained a firm foothold.
At the same time, the army of Chen (Geng) Xie (Fuzhi) and the army of Chen (Yi) Su (Yu), under the command of the Party Central Committee, also entered the Henan-Shaanxi-Hubei border area and the Henan-Anhui-Jiangsu Plain respectively. The three armies all hit the outside line, forming a "pin"-shaped offensive formation, directly threatening Nanjing and Wuhan, making the Kuomintang's "overall strategic situation, but from now on fell into a passive position".
The fourth is the "Go" battle of the three major battles. From September 1948 to January 1949, the People's Liberation Army, under the unified command of the Party Central Committee and Mao Zedong, conducted a large-scale strategic decisive battle with the Kuomintang army, and successively organized the three major battles of Liaoshen, Huaihai, and Pingjin. The three battles were hard fought, but also beautiful.
The Liaoshen campaign first started with the operation in Jinzhou area, and immediately cut off the channel for the Kuomintang army to reinforce the northeast or retreat from the northeast, forming a situation of "closing the door and beating the dog" to the Kuomintang army in the northeast. The Battle of Liaoshen liberated the entire northeast and created favorable conditions for the liberation of Pingjin and North China.
As soon as the Liao-Shen campaign ended, the Huai-Hai campaign began on a huge scale. Our army with more than 600,000 people against the Kuomintang army 800000 people. On the whole, the enemy was strong and we were weak, so we adopted a relatively concentrated approach to attack one of them and annihilate each of them. In the third stage of the campaign, according to the order of the Central Military Commission, the attack on Du Yuming's group was suspended for a time. The purpose was to stabilize the Kuomintang army in the Pingjin area so that it could not make the determination to retreat south quickly. This measure has achieved obvious results. The Huaihai Campaign wiped out a total of 555000 enemy soldiers, creating extremely favorable conditions for the PLA to fight across the river and liberate Nanjing and Shanghai in the center of Kuomintang rule.
On the occasion of the Huaihai Campaign, the PLA launched the Pingjin Campaign. First, use the methods of "encirclement without fighting" and "separation without encirclement" to complete the division and encirclement of Fu Zuoyi's group with rapid action, and cut off its way of retreating to the south and fleeing to the west. Then, in the order of "hitting the two ends first, then taking the middle", we conquered the new security guard, liberated Zhangjiakou, and then liberated Tianjin, leaving more than 200,000 Kuomintang troops in Peiping completely desperate. Under the patient work of our party, Fu Zuoyi led his ministry to accept the peaceful adaptation and Peiping was peacefully liberated.
The Three Great Battles are a chain. Whoever hits first and then, whoever hits first and then, whether to play continuously or intermittently, is like playing Go. Accurate calculation and clever game have achieved the strategic goal of annihilating the main forces of the Kuomintang north of the Yangtze River.
Source: China Discipline Inspection and Supervision News
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